Schizoaffective disorder - between schizophrenia and affective disorders: clinical aspects and diagnostic challenges (case study)

Abstract

Introduction. Schizoaffective disorder (SAD) is a rare psychiatric condition positioned at the intersection of schizophrenia and affective disorders. It is characterized by major affective episodes occurring simultaneously with persistent psychotic symptoms, leading to diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Material and Methods. The study was conducted through a review of recent literature on diagnostic criteria, etiopathogenetic mechanisms, and therapeutic options for SAD, including three clinical cases. Results and Discussion. SAD is often underdiagnosed or mistaken for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Current treatments include atypical antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and personalized psychological therapies. Its nosological classification remains controversial, with new research highlighting common genetic substrates with schizophrenia and affective disorders. Conclusions. Accurate diagnosis of SAD is essential for selecting an appropriate therapeutic strategy. Further studies are needed to optimize treatment guidelines and personalize therapeutic approaches.