Controversies and certainties in the histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of infantile hemangiomas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52692/1857-0011.2025.2-82.36Keywords:
infantile hemangioma, immunohistochemistry, vasculogenesis, VEGF, GLUT-1, benign vascular tumorsAbstract
Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign vascular tumors of childhood, with a high incidence in the neonatal period, especially in preterm infants. Although typically self-limiting, their etiopathogenesis remains incompletely understood, involving genetic, epigenetic, and perinatal factors (e.g., hypoxia, prematurity). A placental origin of the endothelial tumor cells is supported by immunophenotypic similarities to placental vessels and consistent GLUT-1 expression.The immunohistochemical profile varies depending on the evolutionary phase: the proliferative phase shows predominant expression of VEGF, PCNA, CD31, and CD34; the involutive and involuted phases are marked by regressive changes, including apoptosis, hyalinization, and adipocytic transformation. These differential markers are useful in distinguishing infantile hemangiomas from other benign or malignant vascular entities.Detailed histopathological examination and identification of key immunohistochemical markers remain essential for accurate diagnosis, classification, and treatment planning in infantile hemangiomas.
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